Description

Flammulina velutipes, Syn.: Collybia velutipes is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. It is an edible mushroom, but is also cultivated in East Asia, where it is marketed as enoki (Japanese 榎 or エノキ). In natural habitats, the small, frost-resistant fruiting bodies grow in cool temperatures during the winter months, which is why the species is also called a winter mushroom. In contrast, the trivial names velvet foot or velvet foot ruffles refer to the velvety texture of the stalk.

The present cultivated line from Korea impresses with its intense golden color.

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Uninformed collectors may confuse Flammulina velutipes with the edible Horseshoe Fungus or the dangerous Poisonous Galerina. The clearest distinguishing feature is the velvety, always ringless stalk of the velvet-footed ruffles.

A native winter mushroom whose fruiting bodies even survive frost. In Japan it is the most cultivated mushroom after the shiitake. There it is produced in bottles, on which a collar is placed after fruiting, so that the mushroom grows as a tightly packed clump of dozens of individual Flammulina velutipes.

Properties

Flammulina velutipes generally strengthening the immune system, contains many vitamins and is said to be cancer-inhibiting as well as reducing blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. The water-soluble polysaccharide flammulin, is 80-100% effective against Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma according to Ying (1987). Ikekawa (1968) reported anticancer activity from extracts of this mushroom. Zeng (1990) and Qingtian (1991) have published studies of the anti-tumor properties of this mushroom.

NASA sent into orbit aboard the space shuttle to test the mushroom’s reaction to zero gravity. Aswell their shielding against radioactive radiation.

Flammulina velutipes is of particular importance in Japanese cuisine, where it is known as enokitake (榎茸 or エノキタケ) or enoki for short, where it is the most cultivated edible mushroom after the shiitake. A total of about 100,000 tons of this mushroom are produced. Thus, the velvet foot rubbish ranks sixth in the world among the most cultivated edible mushrooms. It also belongs to the medicinal mushrooms, but is less important.

In Europe, too, Flammulina velutipes is well known to mushroom connoisseurs as a tasty edible mushroom that appears especially in the cold season, when the other mushroom flora has largely stopped growing due to the winter cold.

Growing

How to Grow Flammulina velutipes?

Non-sterile inoculation of logs and stumps of native woods is easily possible. The fungus likes poplar, willow, ash and birch wood. Good cultivation success of Flammulina velutipes is achieved indoors on a standard recipe for wood decomposers.

Slim culture containers that can be set up later to save space, and from which the mushrooms later grow only out of the top, are a better choice for swarm-fruiters like Enokis than large culture bags. Reduce the hatching opportunities you provide for the fungus after maturity and a slight cold shock to provoke clump formation. Be sure to avoid large-scale opening of the substrate.

PH Levels

Inoculation Phase

Spawn Run

Fruiting Phase

Harvest

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S
P
A
W
N

 

P
R
I
M
O
R
D
I
A

F
R
U
I
T
I
N
G

Temp °C
21-24 4-10 10-16
Relative Humidity %
9%-100 95-100 90-95
Duration d
14-18 3-5 3-8
CO2 ppm
>%000 2000-4000 2000-4000
FAE per h
0-1 2-4 2-4
Light lux
20-50 20-50

How to Fruit F. velutipes?

To initiate subsequent waves, return the culture to a slightly warmer temperature after harvesting Flammulina velutipes.

The incubated crop needs a 3-week maturation period and benefits from cold shock. The fungus requires little light for culture in bottles or pouches.

Cropping Cycle

Inoculation Phase

Spawn Run

Fruiting Phase

2-3 crops, 10-12 days apart

Harvest

How to make Agar Culture Media?

  1. Dissolve the malt extract and agar in distilled water.
  2.  Sterilize the solution by autoclaving at 121°C for 15-20 minutes.
  3. Pour the sterilized media into petri dishes or other containers under sterile conditions.
  4. The Yeast is optional, but you can add it to any recipe for nutritions, same for Peptone.

MEA

PDYA, MYA, OMA, or DFA.

PDA

-

MPYA

-

PDYA

-

Fruiting Containers

Trays

Polypropylene bottles (quick handling and harvest), the stemps will grow long, 6 inches deep is perect, hardwood fruiting blocks

Bags

-

1

-

2

-

Substrate

A variety of hardwoods can be used ( poplar, alder, oaek, aspen, willow, birch, beech, etc.), softwoods are generally less productive, PH range for fruiting 4-5, you can grow it on paper

Growing Additives

-

Biological efficiencie

150%

Sometimes we miss a piece

Growing Chracteristics

In culture, the morphology of Flammulina velutipes is highly variable, because it is extremely sensitive to cabon dioxide and light. Cultivated species have long yellowish stems, small white to yellowish caps, as the spores mature, the caps darken untill brown: small-capped mushrooms commonly form along the inside periphery of the petri dish or during cold storage of culture slants. This fungus can freeze, thaw, and keep growing

Identification

Natrual Habitat

In the period from September to April, Flammulina velutipes often occurs abundantly on stumps, trunks (also on living trees) and fallen branches of deciduous woody plants, very rarely also on conifers, and occasionally on underground wood. The velvet-footed briar shows a special preference for the genera Salix (willows), Populus (poplars), Fraxinus (ashes) and elder, often also for elm species damaged by the "elm dieback".

Its geographic distribution includes temperate and cold regions in the northern hemisphere of the world such as China, Siberia, Asia Minor, Europe, North America, and Japan, as well as Australia in the southern hemisphere.

Predominantly on hardwoods, occasionally also on conifers, mostly growing in late autumn to early winter.

How to identify Flammulina velutipes

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Cap

1–5 cm Ø
Convex to plane, upturned in age
Light to dull yellowish to -yellowish-brown to orange-brown
Smooth, viscous when wet

Hymenium

Adnexed
Gills
White to yellow
Attached to the stem

Stipe

Bare
Usually short 2-8 cm
Yellow to yellowish brown, darkening with age
Near the base covered with a thick fur of velvety, fine, brown hairs

Veil

-

Spores

White
6–8 × 3–4 µm
European 8–9 × 4.5–6 µm, Japanese 5–7.5 × 3–4 µm, strong variety
Ellipsoid

Hyphae

White
Longitudinally linear
Becomes finely appressed and tinged with increased age and is light brown to speckled with golden yellow-brown zones
Surface becomes rough, resembles fine sandpaper and sometimes bulges in the earliest stage of primordia formation

Danger of confusion

Galerina marginata, Gymnopilus penetrans, Flammulina fennae, Flammulina elastica, Flammulina ononidis, Gymnopilus penetrans, Gymnopilus picreus, Pholiota spumosa, Gymnopilus sapineus

© amadej trnkoczy (amadej)

Consuming

Gorumet Perception

A tasty, edible mushroom which appears aswell in winter.

Smell

Grain spawn: musty smelling, not pleasant
Mushroom: tasty, mushroom like

Taste

Mushroom like, sweet

Flesh

White to light yellow

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Nutritional content of 100g

Proximates:
Water 88.3g
Energy (Atwater General Factors) 44kcal
Energy (Atwater Specific Factors) 37kcal
Nitrogen 0.39g
Protein 2.42g
Total lipid (fat) 0.24g
Ash 0.91g
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrate, by difference 8.14g
Minerals:
Calcium, Ca 1mg
Iron, Fe 1.28mg
Magnesium, Mg 12.8mg
Phosphorus, P 84mg
Potassium, K mg
Sodium, Na <2.49mg
Zinc, Zn 0.48mg
Copper, Cu 93mg
Manganese, Mn 0.09mg
Selenium, Se <2.5µg
Vitamins and Other Components:
Thiamin 12mg
Riboflavin 0.24mg
Niacin 6.99mg
Vitamin B-6 119mg
Biotin 12µg
Vitamin D (D2 + D3), International Units 0IU
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) 0µg
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) 0µg
Vitamin D4 0µg
Amino acids:
Ergothioneine 26mg

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Composition

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Immunostimulating Compounds

Polysaccharid (β-Glucan)

Function: These complex carbohydrates strengthen the immune system.

Benefit: They are known for their anti-cancer properties and support the body in the fight against tumors.

Lectine

Function: Proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates.

Benefit: They have immunomodulating effects and can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Proteoglycans

Function: Molecules that combine proteins and carbohydrates.

Benefit: They support cell communication and have anti-tumor properties.

Antioxidant ingredients

Phenolic compounds

Function: Antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.

Benefit: They protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and have anti-inflammatory properties.

Selenium

Function: An essential trace element with an antioxidant effect.

Benefit: It supports the immune system and protects against cell damage.

Fatty acids

Linoleic acid

Function: An essential fatty acid required in the diet.

Benefit: It helps reduce inflammation and supports cardiovascular health.

Unique/Important Ingredients

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Vitamin-Rich Components

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other names

other names

Bunun (Taiwan) sinapsakut
Chinesisch (traditionell) 榎茸
Chinesisch (traditionell) 毛腿冬菇
Chinesisch (traditionell) 絨柄小火菇
Chinesisch (vereinfacht) 毛腿冬菇
Chinesisch (vereinfacht) 金针菇
Deutsch Gemeiner Samtfußrübling
Dänisch Gul fløjlsfod
Englisch Enoki Mushroom
Englisch Velvet Foot
Englisch Velvet shank
Estnisch puidu-sametkõrges
Finnisch talvijuurekas
Französisch Collybie à pied velouté
Japanisch enokitake
Japanisch エノキタケ
Koreanisch 팽이버섯
Litauisch Juodkotė ugniabudė
Niederländisch Gewoon fluweelpootje
Norwegisch vintersopp
Polnisch Płomiennica zimowa
Russisch Зимний гриб
Russisch Опёнок зимний
Schwedisch Vinterskivling
Slovene zimska panjevka
Slowakisch Plamienka zimná
Spanisch Hongo de Invierno
Tschechisch penízovka sametonohá
Türkisch kadife saplı mantar
Ukrainisch Опеньок зимовий (Гриб зимовий)
Ungarisch Téli fülőke
Wissenschaftl. Name Collybia velutipes
Wissenschaftl. Name Flammulina velutipes
Wissenschaftl. Name Flammulina velutipes velutipes

Collybia velutipes, Enoki, Enokitake (Japanese for “The Snow Peak Mushroom.” Enokidake is an alternative spelling), Nametake (“Slimy Mushroom”), Yuki-motase (“Snow Mushroom”), The Winter Mushroom, The Velvet or Furry Foot Collybia, The Golden Mushroom (Thailand), Samtfußrübling, Gemeiner Samtfußrübling, Winterrübling, Winterling

Taxonomical Hierarchy

Kingdom Fungi
Division Basidiomycota
Class Agaricomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Physalacriaceae
Genus Flammulina
Species F. velutipes
Ecology Saprotrophic

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