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South America’s Shrooms

Psilocybin Mushroom Species

Climate

© Koppen-Geiger

There are mainly warm regions, but the continent can be divided into 4 zones: tropical, temperate, arid and cold. The largest climatic zone is the tropical wetland, where savannas and rain forests can be found. It’s hot and it rains all year round. The largest rainforest in the world is located here, the Amazon rainforest, which covers more than 5,179,976 square kilometers.

Average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin fluctuate around 27 ° C (81 ° F), with low thermal amplitudes and high rates of precipitation.

The central-eastern plateau of Brazil has a warm and humid tropical climate. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers, while the western and eastern areas have a dinaric-type subtropical climate.

The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses. The Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Ecuador have the most rainfall, and the Atacama Desert is one of the driest regions in the world.

South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth and home to many unique species of fungi, plants, and animals. Unfortunately, many governments are in favor of deforestation and endanger the extremely high biodiversity (a large part of the earth’s species live here).

Psilocybin species sorted by Region

Argentinia

  • Conocybe kuehneriana
  • Gymnopilus junonius
  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus fimicola
  • Panaeolus sp.
  • Psilocybe collybioides
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe hoogshagenii
  • Psilocybe wrightii
  • Psilocybe zapotecorum

Bahamas

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus

Bermuda

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus cyanescens

Belize

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Psilocybe cordispora
  • Psilocybe cubensis

Bolivia

  • Panaeolus anomala
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe mammillata
  • Psilocybe yungensis

Brazil

  • Panaeolus anomala
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Gymnopilus junonius
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus fimicola
  • Panaeolus sp.
  • Pluteus glaucus
  • Psilocybe acutipilea
  • Psilocybe blattariopsis
  • Psilocybe banderillensis var. paulensis
  • Psilocybe brasiliensis
  • Psilocybecaeruleoannulata
  • Psilocybe caerulescens
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe farinacea
  • Psilocybe furtadoana
  • Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii
  • Psilocybe microcystidiata
  • Psilocybe paulensis
  • Psilocybe paupera
  • Psilocybe pericystis
  • Psilocybe plutonia
  • Psilocybe ramulosa
  • Psilocybe rickii
  • Psilocybe subbrunneocystidiata
  • Psilocybe subyungensis
  • Psilocybe uruguayensis
  • Psilocybe zapotecorum

Chile

  • Conocybe kuehneriana
  • Gymnopilus junonius
  • Gymnopilus purpuratus
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus sp.
  • Pluteus glaucus
  • Psilocybe carbonaria
  • Psilocybe fimetaria
  • Psilocybe liniformans
  • Psilocybe semilanceata
  • Psilocybe sierrae
  • Psilocybe strictipes
  • Psilocybe subfimetaria
  • Psilocybe zapotecorum

Colombia

  • Panaeolus cambodginiensis
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus sp.
  • Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata
  • Psilocybe antioquiensis
  • Psilocybe cabiensis
  • Psilocybe columbiana
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe guatapensis
  • Psilocybe heliconiae
  • Psilocybe hoogshagenii
  • Psilocybe pintonii
  • Psilocybe plutonia
  • Psilocybe semiangustipleurocystidiata
  • Psilocybe subacutipilea
  • Psilocybe subhoogshagenii
  • Psilocybe yungensis
  • Psilocybe zapotecorum

Costa Rica

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Psilocybe aztecorum
  • Psilocybe mexicana
  • Psilocybe cubensis

Ecuador

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe subcubensis
  • Psilocybe yungensis

El Salvador

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe cubensis

Guatemala

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe caerulescens
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe mexicana

Panama

  • Gymnopilus sp.
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe caerulescens var. caerulescens
  • Psilocybe dumontii

Peru

  • Gymnopilus junonius
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe yungensis
  • Psilocybe zapotecorum

Uruguay

  • Gymnopilus junonius
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Psilocybe caeruleoannulata
  • Psilocybe uruguayensis

Venezuela

  • Panaeolus cyanescens
  • Panaeolus cinctulus
  • Panaeolus campanulatus
  • Panaeolus sp.
  • Panaeolus venezolanus
  • Psilocybe caerulescens
  • Psilocybe cubensis
  • Psilocybe meridensis
  • Psilocybe plutonia
  • Psilocybe pseudobullacea
  • Psilocybe subyungensis

Conocybe

Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms with at least 243 other species.

They grow in the grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, rotten wood and manure. Conocybe species generally prefer fertile soils in turf and grasses and are found all over the world. Most have a long, thin, fragile stem and a bell-shaped or conical tip. It is easy to confuse species of Conocybe with species of Galerina & Bolbitius unless the microscopic properties are studied.

Conocybe filaris is a common lawn fungus that contains the same deadly toxins as the death cap.

Conocybe comes from the Greek cone for cone and cybe for head.

Conocybe kuehneriana

-if you have infos, please tell me

© Douglas Smith

Dictyonema

Dictyonema is a diverse group of lichens. There are species with a variety of different shapes, including foliose, crustose and filamentous. Most species grow on earth, stone, moss or rotten tree trunks, one species grows on tree leaves.

Many lichens are a symbiosis between an ascomycete fungus and a photosynthetic green alga. However, a small percentage of lichens (around 10%) are cyano lichens and contain a photosynthetic cyanobacterium instead of green algae and an even smaller percentage (less than 1%) are basidiolic and contain a basidiomycete fungus instead of an ascomycete. This makes Dictyonema more mushroom related than most other lichens.

Dictyonema huaorani

Natural habitat:

-only known specimen, which is psychedelic
-it grows on rotten wood near the Quiwado and Tiwaneo Rivers in Napo State

© Danny Newman

Gymnopilus

Gymnopilus is a genus of gill fungi within the Strophariaceae mushroom family that contains about 200 species of rusty orange spored mushrooms, previously divided into Pholiota and the nonexistent genus Flammula. The fruiting body is typically reddish brown to rusty orange to yellow, medium to large in size, often with a well developed veil. Flammulina lives on deadwood, earth, raw humus, peat, charred wood and burned lands. One kind populates pastureland. They rarely grow in large quantities, they can be parasitic on the roots or base of tree trunks. Members of Pholiota and Cortinarius are easy to confuse with Gymnopilus and Galerina, which contain poisonous and deadly species.

The name means naked pileus.

Gymnopilus purpuratus

Natural habitat:

-dead hardwood & cornifiers
-small clusters, lonely or grouped
-consequent decomposer

© Mycellenz, Lord Mayonnaise

Gymnopilus spectabilis

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-Mostly hardwood, rarely softwood
-old tree stumps, buried wood
– consequent decomposer / weakness parasite

© Jean-Pol

Gymnopilus junonius

© Bernard Spragg

Panaeolus

Panaeolus are poisonous, saprotrophic fungi related to Bolbitiaceae. The body of the fruit is usually brown, the cap is conical, flared to hemispherical in shape, and sometimes also spreads when fully developed. The stem sits in the center of the hat and, with the exception of Panaeolus semiovatus, has no ring.

The word Panaeolus is Greek and means “all colorful” and refers to the stained gills of the mushrooms produced. The spores are smooth or rough, with a germinal pore, and all species, except Panaeolus foenisecii, have a deep black spore print.

Panaeolus always occur in grasslands with manure deposits. Due to these location requirements, fertilizers are widespread in rangelands in all areas where livestock are raised. Almost all fungi in the Panaeolus genus contain serotonin, urea, and tryptophan. Some species also contain the psychoactive indole alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin.

These fungi are primarily dung and grassland species, some of which are widespread in Europe and North America.

Members of Panaeolus can also be confused with Psathyrella, however the latter genus generally grows on wooden or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stems.

Panaeolus cambodginiensis

Natural habitat:
Spring & during rainy seasons

-grows on the dung of water buffalos
-dispersed to gregarious
-strongly bluing
-Manure & enriched soil

© Alan Rockefeller, Blue Helix

Panaeolus cinctulus

Natural habitat:
Spring to fall, abundantly after rain

-common, widely spread
-grows lonely to gregarious, also chubby
-on compost heaps, well-fertilized lawns & gardens
-also directly on horse manure

© Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña, Rocky Houghtby

Panaeolus fimicola

Natural habitat:
During/after cold rain

-found growing solitary to scattered
-in soil or dung
-fertilized lawns and other grassy places
-Saprotroph

© James Lindsey

Panaeolus olivaceus

Natural habitat:
late summer through december

-scattered to gregariously
-in rich grassy area

© Byrain

Panaeolus cyanescens

© Alan Rockefeller

Pluteus

Pluteus is a large genus of fungi with more than 300 species.
The hat is always flat-convex, but never deepens or funnel-shaped. The stem is in the middle of the hat and can be easily separated from it. At the base it is plump to bulbous, but never bulbous with an edge. The spore powder is deep pink in color and soon gives the initially pale gills a pinkish tinge. The gills are free from the stem. There is neither veil nor ring.

Pluteus glaucotinctus sensu lato

-if you have infos, please tell me

© Pulk

Pluteus nigrolineatus

Natural habitat:
-if you have more info, please tell me

© Midnight 

Pluteus glaucus

Psilocybe

Psilocybe forms small to medium-sized, yellowish-brown to brown fruiting bodies divided into a cap and stem with a pointed bell-shaped or hemispherical cap, often characteristic. The hats are mostly brown with sometimes blue tints; they are mostly hygrophanous. They are thin and generally sticky to greasy. The name bald head is derived from the smooth surface of the hat. It is rarely also faintly velvety.
The beige lamellae have initially grown widely on the handle, sticking or running down the handle with a tooth. They are usually wide and distant or narrow. They later turn red to dull brown or quickly black. Sometimes they also have purple hues. The cylindrical style is slim and central. The handle, sometimes also the hat, turns black, bluish-black, blue or greenish in color when dried. Sometimes there is a veil. It is found on the hat and stem, sometimes lining the brim of the hat or forming a ring zone on the stem.
The smell is insignificant or farinaceous, sweetish in some species. The taste is also negligible to that of flour, but it is rarely bitter as well. The color of the spores varies from purple-brown to dark purple-brown and rust-colored.

Ecologically, all psilocybe species are saprotrophs that grow in soil, straw, wood chips, peat, and debris. Species that parasitize moss are rare.

Psilocybe acutipilea

Natural habitat:
-if you have more info, please tell me

© Teodoro Chivata Bedoya

Psilocybe aerugineomaculans

Natural habitat:
-if you have more info, please tell me

© ranjini

Psilocybe alutacea

Natural habitat:
Late summer to late autumn

-in mountain areas over 1200 m
-lime-rich soil
-warmth-loving
-consequent decomposer

© Bob, David Lucas

Psilocybe aztecorum

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-near rivers, streams and gorges
-in damp and shady, oak and pine forests or cloud forests
-consequent decomposer

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe banderillensis

-if you have more infos, please tell me

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe banderillensis var. paulensis

Natural habitat:
-if you have more info, please tell me

© kurt miller

Psilocybe caeruleoannulata

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-Mostly hardwood, rarely softwood
-old tree stumps, buried wood
– consequent decomposer / weakness parasite

© wowitch

Psilocybe caerulescens

Natural habitat:
Late summer to late autumn

-in mountain areas over 1200 m
-lime-rich soil
-warmth-loving
-consequent decomposer

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe sect. cordisporae

Natural habitat:
-if you have more info, please tell me

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe cubensis

Natural habitat:
Summer to late autumn

-Animal droppings, in nutrient-rich places
-on naturally fertilized meadows
-consequent decomposer

© Zergboy, Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe cyanescens

Natural habitat:
Late summer to late autumn

-Deciduous forest, alluvial forest on dead wood & humus
-Lime rich soil & gardens
-strong
consequent decomposer

© Alan Rockefeller, Lukas

Psilocybe fimetaria

Natural habitat:
September to November

-grows solitary to sociable
-on horse or cow manure, in green spaces
-consequent decomposer

© Sil_wiegman, Andrew Tomlinson

Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii

Natural habitat:

© Brayan Coral Jaramillo, Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe mexicana

Natural habitat:

Late summer to late autumn

-in mountain areas over 1200 m
-lime-rich soil
-warmth-loving
-consequent decomposer

© Cactu, Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe muliercula

Natural habitat:
Late summer to late autumn

-in mountain areas over 1200 m
-lime-rich soil
-warmth-loving
-consequent decomposer

© A. Cortés-Pérez, Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe semilanceata

Natural habitat:
Summer to late autumn

-Cow / sheep pastures, in grassy and nutrient-rich places
-on naturally fertilized meadows
-never straight from animal dung
-consequent decomposer

© Alan Rockefeller, Koń

Psilocybe subcubensis

Natural habitat:
Late summer to late autumn

-in mountain areas over 1200 m
-lime-rich soil
-warmth-loving
-consequent decomposer

© Marcelo

Panaeolus tropicalis

Natural habitat:
summer to late autumn

-grows on dung

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe yungensis

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-Mostly hardwood, rarely softwood
-old tree stumps, buried wood
– consequent decomposer / weakness parasite

© Alan Rockefeller

Psilocybe zapotecorum

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-near rivers, streams and gorges
-in damp and shady, oak and pine forests or cloud forests
-consequent decomposer

© Alan_Rockefeller

Psilocybe antioquiensis

Natural habitat:
May to October, monsoon season

-alone or in small groups
-clay or sandy soil
-on fields with cattle, horses, zebus or water buffalo dung
-fubtropical, humid
-1000-1600m altitude

Psilocybe araucariicola

Psilocybe blattariopsis

Psilocybe brasiliensis

Psilocybe cabiensis

Psilocybe carbonaria

Psilocybe collybioides

Psilocybe columbiana

Psilocybe farinacea

Psilocybe guatapensis

Psilocybe mammillata

Psilocybe meridensis

Psilocybe paulensis

Psilocybe paupera

Psilocybe pericystis

Psilocybe pintonii

Psilocybe semiangustipleurocystidiata

Psilocybe subovoideocystidiata

Psilocybe plutonia

Psilocybe sierrae

Psilocybe uruguayensis

Psilocybe rickii

Psilocybe subacutipilea

Psilocybe wrightii

Psilocybe liniformans var.americana

Natural habitat:
Summer to autumn

-single or tufts and lumps
-in horse manure or well-fertilized pastures and fields

© DH42